The Lewis s The Four Loves Essay - 1605 Words

Many cruel actions in the world have been carried out in the name of love. Because of that, it s clear to see how not all forms of love are pure. The nature of love is a prominent theme in Till We Have Faces. All of the relationships in this book are unique -- there are no two alike. In every relationship, there is a love factor. Unfortunately, in English, there are no words to distinguish different types of the love being felt. A person can love creatures, reading, and family members, but those are all entirely separate interpretations of the word â€Å"love.† In the book, The Four Loves, Lewis dissects the different forms of love. There are many connections to be made between characters throughout Till We Have Faces and the four different types of love: Storge, Philia, Eros, and Agape. Each of the four loves plays a part in the plot of the story. The first of these loves is storge. Storge, Greek for affection, is the love in which physical features do not have importance. An example would be a love for a family member or close friend (Four Loves 31-32). In Till We Have Faces, Orual -- the narrator and heroine of the novel -- receives love from her younger sister, Psyche. The Fox, a Greek slave and father figure, also loves Orual even though she â€Å"frightens† people with her face (26). The Fox, Orual, and Psyche have a special bond. Psyche and Orual look at the Fox as a father figure because he acts as a â€Å"true grandfather† towards them (21). Storge is found between the threeShow MoreRelatedThe Lewis s The Four Loves Essay1583 Words   |  7 Pagesof love. Because of that, it s clear to see how not all forms of love are pure. The nature of love is a prominent theme in Till We Have Faces. All of the relationships in this book are unique -- there are no two alike. In every relationship, there is a love fac tor. Unfortunately, in English, there are no words to distinguish different types of the love being felt. A person can love creatures, reading, and family members, but those are all entirely separate interpretations of the word â€Å"love.† InRead MoreEssay about The Screwtape Letters - Types of Love1321 Words   |  6 PagesUniversity, C.S. Lewis went from being an atheist to a renowned Christian. Lewis touched a vast audience with his numerous books (around thirty or more) including The Screwtape Letters, Mere Christianity, and The Four Loves. He brought fantasy and entertainment into his writing along with slight to thunderous bits of theology woven through his stories and books. This made Lewis one of the most influential Christian writers of the 20th century. One of the better known books from C.S. Lewis is The ScrewtapeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Tales Of The English Children 1335 Words   |  6 PagesC.S. Lewis survives in the lives of many and continues to live on through his brilliant and artful use of language in his books. An adventurer at heart Lewis loved to create tales to entertain and inspire others. Adam Gopnik expresses, â€Å"The tales of the English children who cross over, through a wardrobe, into a land where animals speak and lions rule, which Lewis began in the late nineteen-forties, are classics in the only sense that matters—books that are read a full generation after their authorRead MoreWe Have No Right For Happiness1167 Words   |  5 PagesNo Right To Happiness In C.S Lewis essay, â€Å" We Have No Right To Happiness, he argues that we the people within the world don’t have the right to happiness. In my right being who can accuse such a thing. Everyone has the right to be happy in my opinion. Perhaps look for instance even our Declaration of Independence says â€Å" We have the right to pursue happiness.† I find it somewhat fascinated and yet nothing has changed in our culture since such as author C.S Lewis has wrote this short essay. I trulyRead More Mere Christianity by C.S. Lewis Essay1093 Words   |  5 PagesChristianity by C.S. Lewis Mere Christianity, by C. S. Lewis, is written as set of guidelines of Christian belief. Lewis does not say there is any particular way to believe but he does make a point that the topic of religion itself is serious. As you consider whether you want to believe or not, you have to recognize how much thought it requires, and how thought provoking a process this decision is. Lewis covers Christianity in four different books within his book. In book one, Lewis discusses theRead MoreComparison Of CS Lewiss Works and JK Rowlings Works1104 Words   |  5 Pages The work of C.S. Lewis and J.K. Rowling is of grave vital on the grounds that their work portrays actuality as well as adds to it. Yes, their work is not just a portrayal of actuality; it is somewhat a quality expansion. Their meeting expectations are depictions of the reasoning examples and social standards pervasive commonly. They are a delineation of the diverse features of regular mans existence. Their works serves a s a something worth mulling over and a tonic for creative energyRead MoreAnalysis On Being Human Essay942 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Poetry analysis: On Being Human, by C. S. Lewis C.S. Lewis gets straight to the point in his first lines, particularly with the first two words angelic minds. Readers will discern immediately that Lewis is going to discuss the concept of experience from the viewpoint of supernatural non-human beings such as angels. Readers may also guess, by comparing this idea to the poems title On Being Human, that he intends to go on to compare this idea with our experience of the world from the impliedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Chronicles Of Narnia 1576 Words   |  7 PagesClive Staples Lewis, although his name avowed around the world, his literary works are exceedingly identifiable to the common household. There are few children who have yet to experience the mystical land in â€Å"The Chronicles of Narnia† and numerous scholars who have dissected the â€Å"Studies in Medieval and Renaissance Literature†. Having written over thirty published works by his death in 1963, Lewis has explored close to every genre of litera ture. (CSLEWIS.COM) Referred to as one of the intellectualRead MoreAnalysis Of March By John Lewis861 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Lewis has never let his 40+ arrest affect what he stands for. In Lewis’ book March, he tells his story of segregation in the 60’s and the events that shaped his life. From when he was a little kid, to an older adult, March displays Lewis deal with the segregation in the south, and the hardships others endure. Although he experienced many events in his life, John Lewis used those events to build himself religiously and help others. Receiving his first bible, Jim Lawson’s workshops, his decisionRead MoreSurprised By Joy By Lewis And Confessions1411 Words   |  6 PagesSurprised by Joy by Lewis and Confessions by Augustine are not two works that are often analyzed side by side although they are both autobiographical and written by men greatly influential to the Christian faith. Since Confessions contains many different elements which A ugustine explores to better understand the nature of God, this paper will focus on Augustine’s section â€Å"Happiness (Beatta Vita)† as compared and contrasted with Lewis’ chapters â€Å"Checkmate† and â€Å"Beginning†. A preliminary glance of

Family Law Reflecting Moral and Ethical Issues Free Essays

The legal system continuously endeavours and reforms to provide effective legislative remedies and modify existing legislation to reflect the changing nature of the Australian family structure. Family law has always been a colossal aspect of Australian society with many effective measures in place for family matters. Numerous values and their effectiveness have been debated through various features of family law, and these debates continue to the present day. We will write a custom essay sample on Family Law Reflecting Moral and Ethical Issues or any similar topic only for you Order Now Divorce is the legal dissolution of a marriage by an official court decision and was once frowned upon within society, and prior to 1974, married couples who wished to divorce had to apply under the Matrimonial Causes Act 1959 (Cth) on the ground of â€Å"fault† – that is, on the basis that one or both spouses admitted to acting in a way that undermined their marriage (for example, adultery, cruelty, insanity and desertion). However, the first major change to family law in Australia occurred when the law took reform in this aspect with the Family Law Act 1975 (Cth), which states that the only ground for divorce is the â€Å"irretrievable breakdown of the marriage†, such as the case in the marriage of Todd (1976), one or two of the spouses must consent for divorce. The declining influence of religion and the idea that marriage does not always â€Å"last for life† were social factors that influenced this change. The erosion of the concept of fault and the establishment of a single ground for divorce thus demonstrates changing societal values and how law is changed over time. Australian society believes that it is important to protect the disadvantaged, or those who cannot act to preserve their own rights – particularly children. After a marriage has been dissolved, it is the responsibility of both parents to provide financial support for their children as the case of Campbell and Campbell (1998) established that it is in the best interests of the child to maintain the lifestyle to which they have grown accustomed. The Australian Bureau of Statistics Marriages and Divorces 2011 Media release indicates there are 44,000 children under 18 affected by divorce. As such, the Child Support (Assessment) Act 1989 (Cth) requires that children receive a proper level of financial support from their parents and the Child Support (Registration and Collection) Act 1988 (Cth) ensures that periodic amounts payable by parents towards the maintenance of their children are paid on a regular and timely basis. Prior to the Acts, only 40% of claims for child maintenance were being met, whereas after the Acts were passed, approximately 70% of claims are being met. The new emphasis on children’s rights and parental responsibility reflects the social perception that children are vulnerable members of our society and thus require greater legal protection. Another important change in social attitudes has been the increasing acceptance of same-sex relationships, and recent law reforms have centred on providing same-sex couples with the same rights as de facto heterosexual relationships, and removing discrimination based on sexuality. At the State level, the De Facto Relationships Act 1984 (NSW) was amended to the Property (Relationships) Act 1984 (NSW), for the growing acceptance of heterosexual and homosexual relationships highlighted by news article ‘Partners who just can’t wait (2010)‘ which states the growth in unmarried couples living together. It now recognises same-sex relationships as having the same legal standing as heterosexual de facto relationships, and thus provides protection to people in same-sex de facto relationships in property division, inheritance and decision-making in illness and after death. The Miscellaneous Acts Amendment (Same Sex Relationships) Bill 2008 (NSW) creates amendments to 57 pieces of state legislation to ensure de facto couples (including same-sex couples) are treated equally with married couples. This Act also creates amendments to the Anti-discrimination Act 1977 (NSW) to ensure that same-sex couples are protected from discrimination on the basis of their â€Å"marital or domestic status† in employment, accommodation and access to goods and services, articulated in the Daily Telegraph ‘Gay couple win foster care case (2008)’, after a gay couple won $10,000 in damages when their application to become foster carers was refused. However in terms of federal laws at present, same-sex couples are unable to marry. The Marriage Act 1961 (Cth) defines marriage as â€Å"the union of a man and a woman to the exclusion of all others voluntarily entered into for life†, a definition established by the case of Hyde v Hyde and Woodmansee (1866) and repeated in the Family Law Act 1975 (Cth). In 2004, the Commonwealth Government reconfirmed the traditional concept of marriage as the â€Å"union of a man and a woman† when it passed the Marriage Amendment Act 2004 (Cth) meaning same-sex marriage is automatically void in Australia, ncluding overseas marriages. Over time, both State and federal governments in Australia have enacted legislation to encourage and enforce practices which are not only in the public interest, but also reflect the moral and ethical standards of society. While legislative mechanisms have been reasonably successful in achieving this goal with regard to the introduction of â€Å"no-fault† divorce and the protection of children, there is the need for further review and reform of legislation concerning same-sex couples. How to cite Family Law Reflecting Moral and Ethical Issues, Essays

Contemporary Issues in Management and Organisational Behaviour

Questions: Task 1: Briefly explain: manager, management and organisation. Assess the significance of managers in achieving organisational success for a company of your own choice. Task2: Analyse how size and strategy of a company can affect its organisational structure? Support your answer with relevant examples. Task3: a) Discuss Tescos current mission, vision and corporate strategy. b) Suggest and explain the process that can help Tesco to formulate its corporate strategy for the year 2015. c) What do you understand by the term organisational culture? Can Tesco improve its performance by changing its culture? Discuss. Answers: Introduction Management principles are referred to as guidelines for managers based on which they take their decisions and plan their actions (Plunkett, et al., 2012). Management principles are derived from analysis and observation of events happening in real life situations within organisations. This report studies different aspects of management principles in relation to Tesco. Task 1: Definition: Manager, Management and Organisation; Role played by Managers in achieving desired goals Manager is an individual who pans, directs and controls the work to be performed by others and is also responsible for the outcome (Hellriegel John W. Slocum, 2011). It is managers responsibility to ensure order and consistency is maintained in the work of their employees. The key functions in a managers role within an organisation is defined by three key words namely; authority wherein they are empowered to take decisions for their employees, responsibility for ensuring targets are achieved and accountability for accepting both success and failures. Management refers to the process of organising and coordinating various activities of a business in order to ensure desired objectives are achieved (Ng, 2011). It comprises of activities of planning, organising, directing, and controlling employees in order to achive specified goals. Management is task-oriented and view employees as machines that are used for performing tasks. It helps in creating a disciplined work culture where efficiency and productivity are measures that indicate high performance. Organisation refers to a social unit of individuals who are structured and managed in a manner that help achieving common goals (Fox, 2007). Organisations have a well-defined management structure that creates a relationship between members and activities by subdividing roles and responsibilities among members based on their skills and expertise. Organisations perform like open systems which have certain effects on environment and are greatly affected by their environment. Managers play a very vital role in achieving desired organisations goals at Tesco. Managers at Tesco are responsible for ensuring sales targets are meet (Pattanayak, 2005). They define goals and objectives for the team and plans the way work should be carried on in order to achieve specified goals. Mangers are help organising tasks among team members, the work id divided into manageable activities and assigned to team members based on their capabilities. This help ensuring tasks will be completed within specified time frame. Managers at Tesco ensures that the team members are motivated enough to deliver their best performance (Adair, 2009). Through their effective communication they ensure that employees are well informed of their duties and associated rewards and recognitions. Managers are responsible for identify employee needs and ensuring there are satisfied in order to enhance job satisfaction and commitment. Managers at Tesco help ensuring that individual goals are aligned with organisational goals and employees are provided with ample opportunities to realise their full potential (Miner, 2005). Managers are also responsible for evaluation of team performance based on which improvements are planned continuously. Managers at Tesco work towards the development of customer-oriented work culture that help achieving desired goals. Task 2: Effect of size and strategy of organisation on its organisational structure Organisational structure refers to the structural framework that defines hierarchical levels within an organisation (Chambley, 2013). It helps defining the ways in which activities such as supervision, task allocation and coordination are carried out within organisations and enable them achieve desired goals and objectives. It can also be defined as architecture of leadership, business competence, functional relationships, talent and management (Filte Ireland , 2013). In order to determine the affect of size and strategy of an organisation on its organistaional structure it is important to get a brief understanding of different types of organisational structures. There are six types of organizational structures namely; Divisional structure wherein organisations are divided into divisions mostly based on geographical locations, products, functionality and strategies, Functional Structure wherein employees are assigned to different functional areas depending on their expertise, Geograp hical structure where groups are founded on the basis of geographical locations, Horizontal Structure wherein people working on similar projects are grouped together, Hybrid Structure which display characteristics of all structure taking advantage of their strengths and avoiding weaknesses and Matrix Structure wherein employees assigned to two reporting heads (Baligh, 2006). The choice of a specific organisational structure is affected by a number of factors however; organisational size, strategy, life cycle, technology and environment are the five most common factors that have comparatively greater impact (Kortmann, 2012). Size of an organisation greatly affects the choice of its organisational structure, greater the size greater is the complexity involved thus higher is the need for a well defined organizational structures. Small organisational like localised retail shops, restaurants, real-estate firms do not involve too many employees and its operations are simple thus they can do with a simple organizational structure and at times even do not need to define a structure (Mullins, 2011). They involve few tasks and roles thus are performed by employees based on their capabilities instead of following an organisational chart. The case however is different in case of large organisations which are spread across various geographical locations and have comp lex operations, for example Apple, Samsung, Toyota, Starbucks etc (Murray, et al., 2006). These organisations need well-defined organizational structure in order to define authorities and work allotments. These organisations will not be able to manage their business process and achieve desired goals without a well-defined organisational structure. Organisations may either choose to adopt a differentiation strategy or a cost-leadership strategy to position their products in market. The structure of the organisation must fit its strategy thus an organisation that aims for differentiation will choose a flexible organizational structure while an organisation that aims for greater efficiency and productivity while opt for a mechanistic organizational structure (Myers, 2009). Task 3 a): Tescos mission, vision and corporate strategy. Founded by Jack Cohen in year 1919, Tesco is a British multinational grocery and general merchandise retailer(Tesco PLC, 2015). Tesco has been raked as worlds third largest retailer in terms of profit and second largest retailer in terms of revenues. Tesco has its presence in 12 countries however 60% of its business is generated from UK. In UK Tesco is recognised as the grocery market leader. Tescos Mission: Mission statement of organisations states its general purpose (Hellriegel John W. Slocum, 2011). Tescos mission statement states we make what matters better, together (Tesco PLC, 2015). Tescos Vision: Vision of an organisation defines its long-term goals (Filte Ireland , 2013). Tescos vision is to be recognised as the most highly values business by its customers, by communities they operate in, by their valued, loyal and committed employees and by their stakeholders (Tesco PLC, 2015). Tescos Corporate Strategy: Once the vision and mission of an organisation is defined it develops strategies that can help achieving them. Tesco believes that their core values are means by which their can achieve their purpose of existence. Tescos core values are; Ensuring that no one tries harder for customers; Ensure they treat everyone in a manner they would like themselves to be treated and Using their scale for good (Tesco PLC, 2015). At Tesco core values are no different from their corporate strategies. b) Processes that can help Tesco in formulating its corporate strategy for year 2015 In order to meet the changing demands of todays dynamic marketplace and retaining their competitive advantage against competitors Tesco will have to formulate new corporate strategy for year 2015. Strategies refer to the actions that an organisation under takes in order to achieve their short term and long term goals and objectives (Filte Ireland , 2013). In order to develop effective corporate strategies Tesco will have to use strategy formulation processes which require a series of six steps to be performed in a sequential manner. Defining organizational objectives: It is essential to identify and define realistic and achievable goals for the organisation that align with their vision (Filte Ireland , 2013). Environmental assessment: Tesco will have to perform a situation analysis, competitor analysis and self evaluation in relation to both internal and external factors at both macro-environmental and micro-environmental level (Filte Ireland , 2013). A number of business management tools are available that help organisations in evaluating their external and internal environments such as; SWOT analysis, PESTLE analysis, Porters five forces model of competitive analysis. Force field analysis and Variant analysis etc. Defining quantitative targets: Tesco will have to define measurable targets for some of their objectives in order to facilitate evaluation in further steps (Filte Ireland , 2013). Strategic planning for sub units: Depending upon the contribution realised from each department and sub units within the organisation Tesco will have to develop strategic plan for different sub-units (Filte Ireland , 2013). Performance Analysis: This step in strategy formulation process help identifying the gap between existing performance and desired performance. This helps in planning continuous improvements in strategies (Filte Ireland , 2013). Choice of Strategy: After completing all the above steps involved in strategic planning process, based on outcome of each step Tesco will be able to formulate new corporate strategy for year 2015 (Filte Ireland , 2013). Tesco will have to indulge in extensive market research and analysiss in order to identify factors that can help them take advantage of opportunities presented by marketplace as well as create a competitive advantage that cannot be imitated by competitors. Tesco can take steps to implement total quality management, Lean and Six sigma processes that can help eliminating waste processes and planning continuous improvement thus reducing operations cost as a result of which Tesco will be able provide cost advantage to its customers while ensuring high product and service quality. c) Organisational culture and how it can help improving Tescos performance Organisational culture help defining the behaviour of individuals in an organisation and perceptions individuals attach to these behaviours (Hellriegel John W. Slocum, 2011). It represents the shared values, beliefs, attitudes, customs, and rules of the organisation that lead to the creation of a unique psychological and social environment within workplace. Organisational culture defines the way organisations treat their employees, customers, community and related partners. Organisational culture plays a very vital role in determining the overall performance of the organisations (Mullins, 2011). Changing Tescos organisational culture will surely help Tesco in increasing its performance as it will helping making it a better place to work where employees are treated with respect and integrity and are encourages to openly share their views. Knowledge sharing culture that encourage employees to realise their full potential helps enhancing employee motivation which inspire them to delive r high performance and commitment towards the organisation and customers. Conclusion Management principles are the drivers of organizational success. They not only help organisations in effectively carrying out their day to day operations but in carrying out them in a way that maximum benefits are achieved. They help organisations in enhancing their overall effectiveness and efficiency and also in creating and retaining competitive advantage against competitors. References Adair, J., (2009) Leadership and Motivation: The Fifty-Fifty Rule and the Eight Key Principles of Motivating Others. London: Kogan Page Publishers. Baligh, H. H., (2006) Organization Structures: Theory and Design, Analysis and Prescription. Hamburg: Springer Science Business Media. Chambley, J., (2013) Organisational Structures. [Online] Available at: https://businessstudiesjesschambley.blogspot.in/2013/06/organisational-structures.html [Accessed 2014]. Filte Ireland , (2013) Managing Key Business Processes. [Online] Available at: https://www.failteireland.ie/FailteIreland/media/WebsiteStructure/Documents/2_Develop_Your_Business/1_StartGrow_Your_Business/Managing-Key-Business-Processes.pdf Accessed 2014]. Fox, W., (2007) Managing Organisational Behaviour. Cape Town: Juta and Company Ltd. Hellriegel, D. John W. Slocum, J., (2011) Organisational Behaviour. New York: Cengage Learning. Kortmann, S., (2012) The Relationship between Organizational Structure and Organizational Ambidexterity: A Comparison between Manufacturing and Service Firms. Hamburg: Springer Science Business Media. Miner, J. B., (2005) Organizational Behavior: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. New York: M.E. Sharpe. Mullins, L. J., (2011) Essentials of Organisational Behaviour. London: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Murray, P., Poole, D. Jones, G., (2006) Contemporary Issues in Management and Organisational Behaviour. New York: Cengage Learning. Myers, P. S., (2009) Knowledge Management and Organisational Design. New Jersey: Routledge. Ng, L. C., (2011) Best management practices. Journal of Management Development, 30(1), pp. 93-105. Pattanayak, B., (2005) Human Resource Management. New Delhi: PHI Learning Pvt. Plunkett, W. R., Allen, G. Attner, R., (2012) Management. New York: Cengage Learning. Tesco PLC, (2015) Core Purpose and Values. [Online] Available at: https://www.tescoplc.com/index.asp?pageid=10 [Accessed 2015].

The Nobel Prize in Literature Essay Example For Students

The Nobel Prize in Literature Essay Traditionally, famous people are known because of their extraordinary qualities like acting, musical talent, athletic skill or simple beauty. Woody Allen is known for his talent to write and direct outstanding films, Mario Vargas Lliosa is known for winning The Nobel Prize in Literature in 2010 because for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual’s resistance, revolt and defeat, Cristiano Ronaldo is known for his extraordinary football skills and Andy Warhol is known for being a leading figure in the visual art movement known as pop art. These people are known to be famous for their unique qualities and because of that a definition of fame should be understood as a very big professional success. However, now, in a contemporary society there are people who are even more famous than the ones above and Paris Hilton is one of them. We will write a custom essay on The Nobel Prize in Literature specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This is a perfect example how someone who doesn’t have any unique qualities, can become more famous than someone who has those unique qualities. Her fame comes out of fame itself, she’s known to be famous – for being famous. On the other hand, there are thoughts that people like Paris Hilton, shouldn’t be called famous, because they are known to be celebrities. This explanation is quiet simple and makes sense, but in nowadays society fame doesn’t mean what it meant before and now the synonym of it is visibility. When a person is visible, he/she is known, when someone is known, that means that he/she is famous. Fame, visibility, celebrity, being known comes out from the same circle. One of the reasons why the concept of fame changed, because television was invented, with that came bigger visibility and that led to fame. Reality shows is a great way to get that visibility and to get the attention that the participants desire. With that said it is clear that fame/visibility is one of the reasons why people want to participate in reality shows. Fast money, public recognition are the typical signs of narcissism. Our society constantly gets the signs from media, newspapers and another communication systems that the true happiness comes with fame, because with fame comes wealth. A contemporary mentality opened the doors to the reality television, without realizing that the consequences might be tragic. The youngest people in our society get indoctrinated by the idea that fame is the most important ambition you can have. Most of them will know who is Paris Hilton, but won’t know who is Mario Vargas Lliosa, because they don’t see him on the television. Parents and teachers tell us that it takes a hard work to become successful, others say that you are born with natural talents. At this time, neither hard work, nor talent is required to achieve fame. However, it shouldn’t be misunderstood that hard work doesn’t make a difference; it does, just not in fame accomplished by participating in reality shows. This new pure kind of fame without subject or predicate is like the kind of sensation that might derive from being admired while riding in someone else’s Mercedes Benz. The anonymous noticing of a murderer is the same as that of a scientist who makes a breakthrough. The only thing that is eventually important is that they both get equal time framed in a flat media image not even for fifteen minutes. With that said let’s remember a murder of John Lennon that happened in 1980s in New York by a deranged fan. In a prison interview to ABC News, a reporter, Barbara Walters, asked a murderer (Mark David Chapman) why he killed him, the answer was simple: John Lennon fell into a very deep hole, a hole that was so deep inside of me that I thought by killing him, I would acquire his fame†. Noticeably, he said I would acquire his fame, not I would acquire fame, which on one hand shows that he wanted to be as famous as John Lennon was, with a meaning that not only he would be known in USA (where the murder happened) but all around the world. Well, now his name appears in Wikipedia, he appeared in almost all television channels and the album that John Lennon singed for him hours before he killed a former Beatle star now is up for sale at over 500.000 pounds. .ua0ed1a4551bbe42206694b6e4ab144df , .ua0ed1a4551bbe42206694b6e4ab144df .postImageUrl , .ua0ed1a4551bbe42206694b6e4ab144df .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua0ed1a4551bbe42206694b6e4ab144df , .ua0ed1a4551bbe42206694b6e4ab144df:hover , .ua0ed1a4551bbe42206694b6e4ab144df:visited , .ua0ed1a4551bbe42206694b6e4ab144df:active { border:0!important; } .ua0ed1a4551bbe42206694b6e4ab144df .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua0ed1a4551bbe42206694b6e4ab144df { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua0ed1a4551bbe42206694b6e4ab144df:active , .ua0ed1a4551bbe42206694b6e4ab144df:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua0ed1a4551bbe42206694b6e4ab144df .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua0ed1a4551bbe42206694b6e4ab144df .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua0ed1a4551bbe42206694b6e4ab144df .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua0ed1a4551bbe42206694b6e4ab144df .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua0ed1a4551bbe42206694b6e4ab144df:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua0ed1a4551bbe42206694b6e4ab144df .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua0ed1a4551bbe42206694b6e4ab144df .ua0ed1a4551bbe42206694b6e4ab144df-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua0ed1a4551bbe42206694b6e4ab144df:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Anne Finch's Opposition to The Rape of the Lock The Restoration Period 1660-1700 EssayMark Chapman is famous now, he acquired wanted fame, but kind of fame is that? Do by murdering someone you can call yourself famous? With that said, it looks like fame and the need of being famous is becoming too dangerous for our society and especially the young ones. However, the ones who participate in reality shows just to acquire that fame don’t care about the consequences, because they are so obsessed of the need to be known. It shouldn’t be forgotten that with fame comes also the ugliness and the dark side of being famous. In an interview with Los Angeles Times Woody Allen described fame: â€Å"When you’re a kid you think to yourself, fame and fortune and it’s going to be so†¦but then you quickly find†¦wait a minute, the upside is nothing and the downside is nothing†. In a conclusion, it is known that reality television achieved the results that any other television program could. With the development of the mass communication technologies, entertainment and the way that people want to be entertained changed. Reality shows are much more than just simple entertaining programs, but it is a proclamation of subjectivity, where the person is centred to himself in a wish to achieve wanted fame and visibility. These narcissistic participants reflect the contemporary television audience and their obsessive need to be famous. Fame has become the ideological and intellectual fabric of modern capitalism. Along the evolution of society, the only consistent thing is our narcissistic fascination with ourselves, which is even more valued now. These entertaining shows and their base of reality turned to be significant and one of the key factors in modern mass communication system. Bibliography ADORNO, Theodor W., and J. M. Bernstein. On the Fetish Caracter. The Culture Industry Selected Essays on Mass Culture. London: Routledge, 2001. 39-40. Ceia, Carlos, ed. Angry Young Postmodernism. 1st ed. Lisboa: LuLu, 2010. CEIA, Carlos (1998), O Que à © Afinal o Pà ³s- Modernismo?, Edià §Ãƒ µes Sà ©culo XXI: Lisboa. COWEN, Tyler. What Price Fame? Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 2000. HESMONDHALGH, David. The Cultural Industries. London: Sage Publ., 2007. HILL, Annette. Reality TV Audiences and Popular Factual Television. London [u.a.: Routledge, 2007. 179.

Hong Kong and Chongqing Air Pollution Essay Example

Hong Kong and Chongqing Air Pollution Essay Example Hong Kong and Chongqing Air Pollution Paper Hong Kong and Chongqing Air Pollution Paper 055 hours, which is much lower than some nations of Northern Europe. (Wisped: Cocooning) Cocooning is adjacent to northeast part of Chuan province, and the area of this city is over 23,000 km with 1 million population. Cocooning is one of the most polluted cities in China: from 1 981 to 1 996, SIS (Sulfur Dioxide) emissions were about 800,000 tons, and TTS (Total Suspended Particulates) emissions were about 200,000 tons per year. The daily concentration of SIS reached to 0. 26-0. MGM/mm, which is 3-7 times higher than the Class II national standard of air quality (0. OMG/mm). Cocooning, with more than 1 00 days of fog per year, is also commonly known as the Fog City (Wide, *B), and a thick layer fog shrouds it for 68 days per year during the spring and autumn. Another famous case in the world is London, which accelerated its development and status during Industrial Evolution. London was also endowed with a different city appearance during that time: full of fog. More explanations wil l be introduced to correlate these two cities in later parts. In a generic sense, three segmented climate types will attribute to the shaping of Choosing Fog City. First and foremost, haze. Treated as atmospheric brown clouds, it is defined as a turbid air phenomenon caused by a large number of very fine particles, which is floating in the air evenly and diminishing the meteorological visibility to less Han 10 km. Secondly, fog. It is a type of stratus cloud, distinguished from the more generic term cloud in that fog is low-lying, and the moisture in the fog is often generated locally. Similarly, mist consist of liquid or solid water and hygroscopic condensation nuclei, so the air is often humid with high humidity. When the number Of atmospheric aerosol is up to a certain extent, and then makes the meteorological visibility less than 10 km, it becomes a haze day. (Fan et al 2009) This explains the root cause of why Cocooning possesses amazing amount of fog. Besides, both cities were officially established in 1997, which can give more explanation to the track of social and economic development. More details can be located in the following table. Table 1. 1 Comparable Similarities between Hong Kong and Cocooning Name Index Hong Kong SARA Cocooning Municipal Official Establishment Time 1997 Area (kilo mm) 1104 1200 Population (million) 7. 3 7. 95 (9 urban districts) Famous for Finance, system, pearl river and mountains, night scene Hotpot, beauties, fog city and mountains, night scene Climate Type humid subtropical climate Us m mere Hot and humid (36. 1 C) Hot and humid(44 C) Winter Moderate temperature above 10 C; sunny Moderate temperature above 10 C; cloudy part 2 Analysis on Hong Songs Air Po llution There are two challenges for air pollution in Hong Kong: Street level pollution and regional smog. The former is mainly contributed by motor vehicles, such as trucks, buses and light buses. The latter is caused by diesel vehicles and industrial plants in Hong Kong and the Pearl River Delta (PRO) In Hong Kong, the dominance of transportation tools is mainly contributed by the diesel vehicles, which have the diesel engines that release some major air pollutants: sulfur dioxide (SIS), resalable suspended particulates (RSVP), trigger dioxide (NON) and carbon monoxide (CO). Table 2. 1 lists the concentration of these four pollutants in detail and compares the two locations: Shah Tin (a general station) and Mongo Kook (a roadside station). The CO data for Shah Tin station was unavailable because traffic is low in this kind Of residential area. Overall, this figure clearly suggests that the concentration of these air pollutants at roadside stations is higher than the general station. Besides, figure 2. 2 shows that the average yearly variations of these four major air pollutants levels at general station and road station are both lower urine June, July and August and higher in October, November, December and January. There is more rainfall during the summer season and it will wash the particles from the air, having low levels of pollutants in atmosphere. Although the Hong Kong Government has implemented lots of measure to control the emission of pollutants from diesel vehicles, the visibility and the pollution index are sometimes higher than the standard established by the World Health Organization (WHO). For the numerous high rise building in Hong Kong, once having traffic congestion in a high dense urban environment, it will create a canyon effect trapping local pollutants. Meanwhile, some pollutants with wind transport from China contribute to pollution level in Hong Kong. In other words, air pollution problems In Hong Kong are the collective problems, and cannot be solved by one regions environmental policies. Studies by Fens Ixia, Victor Bracer (2006) find evidence to suggest that the levels of PM O (particulate matter with less than 10 micrometers in diameter) in Hong Kong appear to be significantly related to the air pollution index in Sheehan, with a one-point increase in Sheens pollution index causing a 0. In Hong Kong. In addition, the particulate levels are significantly correlated with the distance from Southern China. Specifically, one percent of distance (which measured at the mean, is equivalent to 2. Km) farther away from China reduces the local PM O level by 17%. Moreover, the IMO level increases between 3% and 4% if the wind blows directly from China and also if one percent increases in wind speed can lead to an increase of 12% in Hong S ongs particulates. Nitrogen dioxide in Hong Kong is also significantly related to the pollution index in Sheehan (SOAPS). A one-point rise in SOAPS leads to a 0. 6% or a 0. % increase in Hong Gongs NON levels. Nitrogen dioxide is affected by the distance from Southern China, which will have much lower concentration in long distance from South China. Even though some regions in Hong Kong are farther away from Southern China, it still has higher concentration of nitrogen dioxide in densely populated urban areas. With 1% more density leads to over 20% more NON. This result can explain nitrogen dioxide is a traffic-based pollutant and the concentration in air is usually much higher in urban areas with more traffic activity. The data in report studied by Fens Ixia, Victor Bracer (2006) shows hat no statistically significant impact on NON according to the amount of rainfalls and wind speed. In other words, the driving force behind NON pollutant levels is mostly based on population density and related human activities. Part 3 Causes of Fog City Formation Cocooning has been seeing a tremendous speed of both economic and social progress. It keeps maintaining a high ranking of GAP growth rate and attracts a great deal of both domestic and oversea investors in recent years, since the State pours enough much and magnificent attention into Choosing strategic development with great sums of national financial fund. Cocooning belongs to one of four municipalities, while it is the newest and most vibrant one. It spares no effort to catch this opportunity to and stimulate diversified industries, such as tourism, manufacturing, off-shore finance and electronics. With all these programs being under highly fast construction, Cocooning may not escape the common development track of suffering from pollutions, just like other advanced industrial cities. It is reported that 16 of the worlds 20 most air-polluted cities AR in mainland China (source: State of the World 2006), under which circumstances, China suffered SIS$38 billion in costs elated to sulfur dioxide emissions in 2005. (source: State Environmental Protection Agency 3-8-06). Till ending part of last century, ambient concentrations of particulates and sulfur dioxide in many Chinese cities are among the highest in the world and are significantly above World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines and Chinese air quality standards. An article released in 1998 by the WHO noted that seven of the ten most polluted cities in the world can be found in China (Green Nature, 2004). When in light of energy consumption, coal consumption is the major one, and accounts for about 62. 5% of total energy consumption. This kind of energy using led to the deteriorating of air quality. Since 1997, the year Of Cocooning municipal establishment, the Fog City becomes more and more foggy. The air pollution resulted from diverse ways, namely houses everyday cooking factories emission and vehicles gas exhausting. However, the floating dust may stem largely from the building of construction sites, a host of high roads and flyovers. The problem remains serious, along with inhale particles, which even took place of floating dust and became Choosing primary pollutant. Even under this scenario, before 2005 launched Action Blue Sky Campaign, Cocooning was not aware of the severity and did not take steps to prevent the prevailing use of high-sulfur coal in factories, which were the primary source of letting out the sulfur dioxide, which will definitely result in the widespread acid rains. Many citizens in Cocooning complained the atmospheric issues and acid rains. They declared acid rain should be responsible for their losing hair and skin diseases. Long before, the scholars have already asserted the acid rain mainly concentrated in the region: south region to the Yanking River, east to Chuan and Yuan, including Sneezing, Fijian, Axing, most of Human and Cocooning as well as the Yanking River delta and Pearl River delta. This phenomenon means the acid rain issue is not just regional one, but a national issue worth every individuals attention. The power sector, with its widespread use of tall smoke-stacks, is probably the main contributor to long-range transport of sulfur and nitrogen oxides. Based on large amount of files, coal consumption is still the major source of air pollution in Cocooning. About 62% of total smoke and dust emissions and 95% of sulfur dioxide (SIS) come from coal combustion (In and See, 1998). However, some studies suggest that a sizable portion Of long-distance sulfur deposition can come from non-power sector, or areas and sources too. PM (particulate matter), or particulates, is another vital term making a negative influence on the air quality and belongs to particle pollution scope. They can adversely affect human health and also have impacts on climate and precipitation. Subtypes of atmospheric particle matter include suspended particulate matter (SUMP), resalable suspended particle (RSVP; particularities diameter of 10 micrometers or less), fine particles (diameter of 2. 5 micrometers or less, ultramarine particles, and soot). PM. 5 at present is catching more attention, since Beijing suffers a great deal of misty days, which mostly resulted from PM. 5. In addition, the direct aerosol effect consists of any direct interaction of radiation with atmospheric aerosol, such as absorption or scattering. It affects both short and long wave radiation to produce a net negative irradiative forcing. (Carlson, R. J et al. , 1992) The magnitude of the resultant irradiative forcing due to the direct effect of an aerosol is dependent on the lobed of the underlying surface, as this affects the net amount of radiation absorbed or scattered to space. Haywood et al. , 2000) The Direct aerosol effect is a first order effect and is therefore classified as a irradiative forcing by the EPIC. (Foresters, Piers et al. , 2007) Luckily, Choosing problem with PM. Is not as ill as that in Beijing. According to report released on the State of Environment in China (Jiao and Cocooning Environmental Monitoring Center (hanging Jeannine,IÂ ¶ *ENJOY), during 2001 and 2003, the sever misty days occurred in Cocooning were around 120-130 per year, and what is horrible is that such days were more than 150 days per year after 2004. The severity of such a problem has exceeded greatly than the same issue in Pearl Rive r delta, if we measure by the criteria of happening frequency. Though Cocooning belongs to one of the 6 key cities (Sanctimoniousnesss, the terrifying environmental problems, particularly the air pollution, never attract enough attention from no matter central governments or municipal governments. To summarize, diverse versions of reasons should be responsible for the formation of Choosing unique weather and the shaping of air pollution. Notwithstanding, the most prior issue should lie in that the governments did not take enough attention and measures to keep the citys development sustainable during the enormously fast industry acceleration. Hence, various levels of governments are ought to burden the responsibilities voluntarily and as efficiently as they can. Part 4 Approaches Hong Kong and Cocooning Governments Take to Solve the Air Problems To improve the air pollution problems in Hong Kong, the Government set the emission reduction target for the four major air pollutants: sulfur dioxide (SIS), Knox, RSVP and volatile organic compounds (VOCE) by 40%, 20%, 55% and 55% respectively in the region by 2010, using 1997 as the base year. Meanwhile, Hong Kong Government noticed that the milestones of air pollution. In December 2003, the Pearl River Delta (PROD) Air Quality Management and Monitoring Special Panel was set up under the Hong Kong/Conditioning Working Group to follow up on the tasks under the Management Plan To control the emission of pollutants from motor vehicles, the Hong Kong Government implemented a comprehensive motor vehicle emission control programmer. From 1st January 2005, the Hong Kong Government tightened the motor petrol standard to Euro IV. Meanwhile, the Government required the installation of vapor recovery systems for vehicles refueling at petrol filing stations from 31 March 2005. In 2005, the Gudgeon Provincial Government was inclined to focus on controlling pollutants from industrial plants. The Government constructed four large natural gas power plants and required all coal-fired power plants must retrofit with Low-Knox burner (LEN). Furthermore, the Government evaluated the numerous industrial plants in relation to processes and facilities, and closed those industrial plants with high SIS and dust emissions. Compared with Table 4. 1 , Table 4. Shows that the change in emission level during 1997-2006 for four pollutants had a bigger improvement, especially the SIS, which was reduced hang in emission from 31% to 12%. This implies that the measures carried out by both governments were really effective. To further control the emission reduction from diesel vehicles, the Chief Executive announced a series of new init iatives in his 2006 Policy Address. On 1 April 2007, the Hong Kong Government launched a one-off granted scheme with 33. 2 billion to subsidize the car owners to replace their pre-Euro and Euro I commercial diesel vehicles with Euro IV models. Meanwhile, the Government extended the mandatory requirement of installing emission reduction devices to long idling pre-Euro diesel vehicles from 1 April 2007. Since then, all pre-Euro diesel vehicles are required to install emission reduction devices. In order to control the SIS emission, the Government imposed emission caps on power plants and tightened them progressively. In August 2007, the two governments signed the Cooperation Agreement to Promote Energy Efficiency, Cleaner Production and Comprehensive Utilization of Resources to Enterprises in Hong Kong and Gudgeon. They also jointly conducted demonstration projects on cleaner production by industrial enterprises and launched a five-year Cleaner Production Partnership Programmer starting room April 2008 to encourage Hong Kong-owned factories operating in the PROD region to adopt cleaner production technologies and practices. Starting from July 2009, the Gudgeon Provincial Government implemented comprehensive measures focused on three parts: a) Controlling Emissions from Power Generation b) Controlling Emissions from Road Transport c) Controlling Emissions from Industrial Sector. For power generation, the Gudgeon Government prohibited the new development of power plants with coal-fired or oil-fired in the PROD region. The Government required that all newly vehicles in Provinces must fulfill the National Ill vehicle emission tankard and provide clean motor fuels to all cities in the PROD Region by the end of this year so as to control the emission of pollutants from road transport. Industrial sector is encouraged the use of clean energy at industrial boilers and kilns and installed dust removal, desertification and low KNOX combustion technologies at industrial boilers and kilns. The figures of 2009 show that with the implementation of local control measures and Gudgeon Provincial Government co-operation, the emission of the four major air pollutants has decreased by 24% to 58% from 1 997 to 2009. Even though the hang in emission level during 1997-2009 for KNOX, RSVP and VOCE has reached the 2010 emission reduction target, the SIS was far away from the reduction target, as shown in Table 4. 3. In fact, air quality in districts with heavy traffic has already improved after 1999. Compared with 1 999, the roadside concentration of pollutants released from vehicles, such as suspended particulates, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, has been reduced by 34%, 60% and 30% respectively in 201 0, as shown in Figure 4. 1 . As a result of the introduction of ultra-low sulfur diesel for vehicle fleet in late 000 and the subsequent introduction of Euro V motor diesel in Deck 2007, the average SIS concentration at roadside in 201 2 (Oops/mm) dropped by 63% as compared with the 1999 (peg/mm), as shown in Figure 4. 2. Besides, High level of roadside RSVP has long been a major air pollution concern in Hong Kong. The annual average of RSVP concentration at roadside in 2012 had reduced by 42% when compared with 1999 value as a result of the implementation of various vehicle emission control measures in recent years (Figure 4. 3). The annual average of Knox in urban areas exhibited a gradual decline inning trend over the past decade. During the same period, the roadside KNOX concentration showed a more distinct decreasing trend, reflecting a reduction in vehicular KNOX emission as a result of vehicle emission control measures implemented in the past decade. The roadside KNOX concentration in 2012 was 31 % lower than that in 1999 (Figure 4. ). Simultaneously, to make compensations to the aforementioned deteriorating of air quality, the Cocooning Government did not hesitate to take moves. In 2005 had decided to launch a municipal program called Action Blue Sky Campaign. The campaign was anticipated gradually to maintaining the high level of air laity, conceiving a favorable living environment for citizens and gradually removing all the root causes stem from air pollution that can lead the citizens to suffer. All this campaign was planned to be implemented around six years, at the cost 3. Billion Yuan in the first three years and primarily focused on the nine main urban districts (Chemung, covering 2737 Square kilometers. Almost in the mean time, Hong Kong also set up a campaign to prevent air pollution. What is funny and coincident is that the action name is exactly the same with Choosing campaign: The Action Blue Sky Campaign. This environmental campaign was organized by the Environmental Protection Department to clean up the citys air pollution. It was officially launched by Chief Executive Donald Teasing on July 25, 2006. According to a press release of the Hong Kong government, its campaign slogan in Chinese is , (All of the city participate to fight for a blue sky), while its campaign slogan in English is Clean Air for a Cool Hong Kong! Many activities are planned to reach the environmental goals of the Action Blue Sky Campaign, such as exhibitions with quiz booths are set up in 18 districts, educating the public about air pollution, the Environmental Campaign Committee will reinforce green messages to the public, encouraging people to take various measures to save energy and improve air quality and so on. Before this universally conducted program, a series of similar programs were already launched since 2000, such as Energy Sanitation and Action Purified Air. Fortunately, these programs effectively hold back the expansion of air pollution. Some sever and quite harmful pollutions, like PM O (particles with diameters Of 1 Urn or less) and sulfur dioxide pollution have been eased Step y step. Under this circumstance, some may claim that no more actions need be initiated since the air is getting better and better and the sound of citizens complaining is weakening. However, due to the scientific criteria, the effect was not comprehensive in every sector and the airy problem still remained serious and much worse compared to other cities in China. The general ranking of air quality keeps floating from 30-42 among all the 47 environmentally key cities (Hanging Ghanaian bayou during these decades and only showcases Choosing air quality and retention level belong to or below the intermediate echelon nationally. The municipal government aimed to design the blueprint by different periods of stages and implement the Action Blue Sky Campaign in a long term. Three air-related aspects stem from the aforementioned pollution causes were highlighted: Flowing dust pollution, coal and powder pollution, vehicles- related pollution. Not only pollution, but the relevant safeguard mechanism shall be on the agenda and look forward to a further comprehensive construction. More actions must be taken to protect and optimize the urban ecological environment. Moreover, the government cannot neglect the building of strict environment supervision from interrelated municipal offices. This program also aimed at guaranteeing the days meeting Class II standard can reach and stick around eighty percent of all days counted. In 2006, two years of official conduction of Campaign Blue Skies Action, articles on mass media announced the appealing news from the Cocooning executive meetings that the satisfying and acceptable days in this very year reached 287 days, which implied residents in Cocooning can enjoy nearly more 1 00 fine says (reaching the Class II) than 2000. Thanks to the Action Blue Sky Campaign, more thrilling results manifested: 54 relative manufacture factories were forced to relocate because of their equipments characters: high energy consumption and heavy pollution; API (Air Pollution Index) in nine main urban districts fell to 3. 0 firstly, which implied Cocooning was no longer a polluted city; Morbidity of citizens disease of respiratory system was 17% less than last years figure. Furthermore, first half year of 201 3 has seen that the situation is quite joyful since a great deal of improvement has occurred in he aforementioned aspects. The ranking of Choosing environment, especially air pollution field, was not embarrassing among all the first batch of cities with new criteria nationwide for air quality. In contrast, though worse than Shanghai, the overall level still remains above Beijing, Tannin and a host of surrounding geographically cities, such as Asian, Changed, and Changes. Consequently, more stages were elaborated to fulfill the original goals. 2008-2012 was a period with a fund over 5. 9 billion Yuan and a much higher figure of days meeting the satisfying standard.

Better to Be Loved or Feared

Machiavelli, the well-known philosopher of the Italian Renaissance, poses this question in this famous book excerpt The Morals of the Prince: is it better to be loved than feared, or vice versa? Machiavelli answers his own question, arguing that a prince is much safer being feared than being loved. Inducing fear upon his subjects with cruelty will keep them united and loyal. Those who are fearful of a person of any authority are more inclined not to cross the boundary of disrespect, for fear of punishment. Without a doubt, being loved is desired and has a greater value compared to being feared.Love has the power to nurture, support and ultimately, liberate; fear restricts, denies and imprisons. Personal growth and human achievement thrive on love, while fear hampers and destroys potential. Many people who aspire to be feared actually are fearful people themselves. They command respect rather than earning it, but they desperately want it all the same. To allow ourselves to be loved we have to also allow ourselves to be vulnerable. If we are very fearful people then we may feel that we need to form a protective emotional barrier around ourselves and shut out love.When this happens we may come across to others as cold and unfeeling. At the same time we may want to have as much control as possible, including control over other people. Being loved is not about having to abandon discipline, or being soft and fuzzy. For me, love means that the support, instruction, good example and encouragement help others towards freedom and goodness. It brings respect, emulation and admiration. Yet there are some in positions of power and authority, who would disagree, believing that fear achieves more. A dictatorial and rigid boss will rule by fear.Fear of the consequences, for workers, if they cannot meet his or her demands, is the way such a person chooses to operate. The unfortunate people who have to work for such a tyrant will be afraid of losing their jobs. Those people afraid to offer innovative ideas, and afraid to approach the feared person with even the simplest request work under duress, as stress and resentment build, disgusted to go to work, but fearing to do anything other than what the boss demands. In such a restrictive atmosphere, the job will get done, productivity figures might be reached, but nobody other than this boss will have much pleasure and satisfaction.Those who are in positions of great importance and power have been advised throughout the centuries that an aura of fear can be their best asset. Famous leaders who used fear, while pretending that love was a motivational factor, include Hitler, and Stalin. The historical evidence of them having been feared and the results of that, speaks volumes for how fear does indeed restrict and imprison, while denying the human spirit. Some iconic individuals in history, who have led by love and not fear, come to mind as examples of how it all works. John F. Kennedy, Dr. Martin Luther King, and Mother Theresa are particularly good illustrations. They each, in their own way, encouraged the goodness in those they led, so that individuals felt supported in ways that helped them achieve personal goodness. They have had a huge following because they were appreciated and respected for the love that they showed to the world. The world benefited by their having been in it. These are the kind of people who have continued to influence others long after they were gone. We have seen value in their life. Fear that is held about a person can diminish when they die. We have no reason to be afraid of them anymore. We may, nevertheless, still remember that person, but in a negative way. Either that or we may be grateful that they are no longer around. Love that is held for a person doesnt diminish when they die. Not only do we remember the person but we continue to experience the feeling of love that we had for them. In this way, love prevails over fear as it can be never ending. In family life, love plays the role of a powerful bullet which helps you to overcome all the difficulties that come across your path. You are able to share all your sorrows and pleasures with people who really love you and care for you. Though sometimes out of anger and fury we might behave distant but it does not mean that we dont care for each other. Family quarrels are bitter things but are of slightest importance. We should not care about these few unpleasant memories but rather we must consider and reflect about the existing love within our family members. To be loved, however, nurtures caring, compassion, loyalty, creativity, generosity of spirit, benevolence, unselfishness and other positive binding and giving emotions.It may also generate jealousy in some. But overall, it is a healthier relationship to have with other human beings. Love increases our sense of well-being, it elevates our sense of self-worth, and it serves to develop our character. It contributes to sincerity, and fulfillment in life. Looking at the wider implications of being loved or feared, then bringing this down to the everyday level of family life, working life, and social relationships, there is still no doubt that it is better to be loved than feared. .

The apostle Paul Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The apostle Paul - Essay Example Ironically, Paul did not consider himself to be Christian, nor a father of a new religion. Rather, he thought of himself as an observant Jew who believed the experience of Christ was a natural extension of Judaism. The prolific and well-documented writings of Paul, from his astute letters to the Corinthians to the Book of Romans, offer remarkable insight into his attitude and interpretation of how the Scriptures applied to the great moral and spiritual questions of his contemporaries. Paul's writings dealt with issues from homosexuality to the treatment of women. From them, one might glean a hint of what Paul's attitude would be with regard to the major moral questions of today. This paper considers how Paul would view the present day issue of capital punishment. The major scriptural evidence concerning this question seems to suggest that Paul would likely support the notion that capital punishment is just. Several of his writings have been interpreted as holding, implicitly or explicitly, that the state's authority to punish wrongdoers with death is upheld by God. For Paul, whose life's course was directed by perhaps the best known episode of capital punishment in human history, and who ultimately met the fate of a martyr himself through capital punishment, the notion that there were offenses worthy of state imposed death was natural and logical. Paul was a product of his time, and his attitudes reflected that reality. The Historical Paul According to Jeffery Sheler, "The Apostle Paul, some scholars now believe, was more instrumental in the founding of Christianity than anyone else--even Jesus himself" (par. 1). He goes on to describe Paul as "a tireless mercenary and prolific theologian [who] almost single-handedly transformed a fringe movement of messianic Jews into a vibrant new faith that, within a few generations, would sweep the Greco-Roman world and alter the course of Western history" (par. 2). Paul achieved a "larger-than-life" stature in the early Church that made him as much a target of those seeking to quell his revolutionary ideology as he was a spiritual leader of a budding new sect of Judaism. "He was reviled by religious and political adversaries and arrested, beaten, exiled, and eventually executed for his zealous preaching in the Roman precincts of the Mediterranean rim" (par. 3). John McRay, in his seminal work on Paul's life published in 2003, emphasizes that "Paul was not the founder of Christianity, that he never ceased to be a Jew, and that Christianity is not a Gentile religion" (p. 12). According to McRay, Paul's contribution to the development of Christianity was his assertion of the doctrine that either Jews or Gentiles could be saved through baptism in Christ. "Monotheism as seen in the faith of Abraham was the foundation of the Judeo-Christian faith Paul proclaimed, and God is thus the Father of all believers" (p. 12). Thus, Paul's teaching molded an evolved and progressive formulation of Judaism; and he did not consider believers in Christ to be practicing a separate religion. Many biographical glimpses of Paul's life and his work can be found in the Acts of the Apostles. Born as Saul of Tarsus and brought up under the strict orthodox laws of Judaism, Paul's early career was actually devoted largely to persecution of Christians (par. 12). He subscribed to a particularly zealous sect of Judaism that advocated a kind of holy war against perceived

Collapse of Lehman Brothers Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Collapse of Lehman Brothers - Term Paper Example The company was experiencing a mass exit by clients, dramatic fall in stock value and asset devaluation. Their bid for bankruptcy protection was the largest in the world history. Corporate Malfeasance Corporate malfeasance is a legal concept that denotes the art of falsely manipulating accounts such that the financial position of a company appears stable and progressive. Following their collapse, top executives of former corporate giants, such as WorldCom, Enron and AIG, faced civil suits and criminal charges with allegations of corporate malfeasance. Corporate malfeasance was one of the leading causes for the collapse of Lehman in light of the financial crisis of the late 2000. James Cramer calls the Lehman’s malfeasance case ‘financial engineering’ (Cramer 2). He believes that with the knowledge of top officials, CFOs and CEO Dick Fuld, the accounting department manipulated the financial records in a bid to make the company appear more venerable to attract inves tors and retain clients. Lehman’s financial engineering had gone on for a few years amid growing worries among top officials that the company was over-leveraged. The advice of chief financial officers and other top officials spearheaded the ‘financial engineering’ gimmick through counterfeit records to hide Lehman’s vulnerability to collapse (Taibbi 98). Sources retrieved from the Wall Street Journal indicate that CEO Fuld was aware of the imminent collapse. He was manipulated by a clique of shadowy bankers and top investors who wanted to be overnight billionaires by urging him to make money-losing decisions. Corporate malfeasance did not go far. The truth eventually emerged and Lehman’s estimated $619 billion debt was exposed. This was after the audit report of a court-appointed financial examiner was released. Fuld had admitted in writing that he had commissioned the financial engineering gimmick as a systematic ploy of buying the company more tim e. This was by creating â€Å"a materially misleading picture of the firm’s financial condition in late 2007 to 2008† (Cramer 2). Lehman’s accounting gimmick dubbed ‘repo 105’ allowed the sale of company securities through a signed obligation to re-purchase them after a while so that they can do so at a lower price. This would temporarily remove such asset securities from the balance sheet. Likewise, the untimely sale of securities allowed the influx of liquid cash into the bank thus effectively lowering financial coverage ratios. These subtle and corrupt financial gimmicks were done behind closed doors keeping investors and other stakeholders in the oblivion (Sorkin 8). The US Housing/ Subprime Mortgage Crisis Economic experts link Lehman’s predicament to the bursting the housing or real estate market bubble in the U.S in the summer of 2008. The untimely subprime mortgage crisis was another leading cause for the collapse of Lehman Brothers I nc. In 2007, the real estate market in the U.S had registered a remarkable progress amid the housing bubble. Housing prices soared, reached the elastic limit and Wall Street began to experience a huge increase in home foreclosure rates and equally high subprime mortgage delinquencies. Subsequently, securities backed by mortgages declined significantly. The steep decline made re-financing very difficult.

Law and Ethics, Patients Rights in Practice Essay Example for Free

Law and Ethics, Patients Rights in Practice Essay In particular, those aspects observed by the student relating to patients privacy, confidentiality and any situations which warranted a limitation to patient privacy will be described and discussed with reference to patients rights. Situations in the hospital setting where the student nurse viewed health professionals informing patients about treatment options, encouraging patients to take action in decisions about their health, and gaining informed, voluntary consent prior to procedures will be discussed. An explanation of reasons for selecting privacy and consent as two essential concepts which health providers must understand will be illustrated. The legal and ethical responsibility of health care providers in relation to the aforementioned fundamental principles of achieving patient privacy and gaining informed voluntary consent will be examined with a clear emphasis on patient’ rights. While on clinical placement, the student nurse observed health professionals maintaining patient privacy to a high standard by consistently shutting curtains around patient’s beds, lowering their voices when working with patients in rooms containing multiple beds, courteously requesting visitors to leave the room when procedures of a sensitive nature were preformed and closing patient’s doors to limit unwanted interference from hallways. In order to show patients respect, dignity and consideration, which are outlined as a fundamental patient right in the Queensland Health Public Patient’s Charter (2002), patients were consistently examined in areas that were as private as was possible at the time. This attempt by health care providers to maintain the physical privacy of all patients by consistently minimizing unwarranted outside attention is a clear demonstration of how health care providers maintained patient dignity, consideration and respect. According to the Ramsay Health Care/Cairns Private Hospital Patient Charter (nd. , patients have a right to be treated with courtesy throughout their hospital experience. The actions of the health care team correlate positively to this statement as through the maintenance of patient’s physical privacy, health care providers are demonstrating consideration for their patients and respecting their rights set forth in both the Queensland Health public patient charte r and the Ramsay health care charter. Throughout the clinical placement of the student nurse, the health care facility in question demonstrated exceptional adherence to national privacy principles 4. set forth in the Privacy Amendment Act (2000). Initiatives currently in place at Cairns Private Hospital ensure confidentiality of both patient’s medical records as well as patient’s personal details by limiting outside access to confidential information and preventing health care professionals from transmitting such information to the broader community. One such example observed by the student nurse involves the hospitals policy preventing nurses from leaving the hospital with materials used in nursing handovers that contain information regarding patient’s condition and personal details. The destruction of such material prevents the transmission of private information to the wider community and demonstrates the role of health care providers in maintaining patient privacy. According to the national privacy principle 4. 1 extracted from the Privacy Amendment (Private Sector) Act (2000, p. 9), â€Å"An organisation must take reasonable steps to protect the personal information it holds from misuse and loss and from unauthorised access, modification or disclosure. Therefore, by ensuring patients information is protected from unauthorised access and disclosure, Cairns Private Hospital is fulfilling the legal obligations set forth for private organizations in the Privacy Amendment Act (2000) principle 4. 1. Patient’s right to have their personal information kept private and confidential, as outlined in the Queensland Health Public Patient’s Charter (2002), was also exceptionally demonstrated by those nurses with whom the student nurse was in contact during c linical placement. Health care providers consistently maintained patient confidentiality by limiting discussion of patient’s condition to those situations where health care providers must share patient information to improve patient care. When the student nurse observed an exchange of information between health care providers pertaining to patient’s condition, it occurred in a manner such that other patients or visitors were unable to discern the content of discussion. This includes, but is not limited to, patient information related in nursing handovers. By treating patient’s personal information obtained in a professional capacity as confidential, nurses are adhering to the expected national standards for Australian nurses as stated in ANC Code of Professional Conduct for Nurses in Australia (nd. ). The importance of maintaining patient privacy is unquestionable. Patients belief that health care professionals will handle their personal information with respect, dignity and maintain their confidentiality not only illustrates the ethical and legal responsibilities of health care providers, but correlates positively with the formation of trust between patient and nurse. According to Stein-Parbury (2005 p. 42), â€Å"†¦ without trust, there is minimal self-disclosure and little chance that patients will share their experiences with nurses or that nurses will come to understand patients’ experiences. † Therefore, through the maintenance of patient privacy and confidentiality, the element of trust, which forms the basis of all nurse-patient relationships, is strengthened. Crisp and Taylor (2005), illustrated the importance of patient privacy and confidentiality as without these two essential components patients would not feel able to tell health care professionals their most intimate and private details. This potential hesitation to share personal information with health providers can have a negative impact on the provision of care and can ultimately lead to treatment that does not take into consideration essential aspects of patient’s health. The maintenance of patient’s privacy is essential in both building trust between nurse and patient and providing holistic nursing care. As stated previously, the maintenance of patient privacy has implications in both legal and ethical spheres and is paramount to the formation of the nurse-patient relationship. Student nurses must therefore gain an understanding of the importance of maintaining patient privacy to ensure that once qualified as a registered nurse, one will understand the reasons why legally and ethically we must adhere to the guidelines. In today’s health care setting, the emphasis of patient’s rights and understanding these rights is paramount if one wishes to practice safe appropriate care for all peoples. It is for these reasons that the central issue of patient privacy was selected for consideration. Although the importance of maintaining patient privacy is unquestionable, there are ertain situations that warrant the sharing of patient information. As observed by the student nurse, health care professionals continuously share patient information between themselves in attempts to allow allied health professionals to provide appropriate holistic patient care. In today’s hospitals, with shift work and the increasing specialization of various allied healt h workers, it is essential that patient information is shared to improve patients care and outcome. In order to achieve appropriate care for patient’s, this is a requirement and will not be considered as a breach of patient privacy. This team work approach to health care is viewed as of benefit to the patient and is absolutely essential is today’s health care facilities where health care professionals are increasingly working in more specialized fields. Throughout the entire clinical placement, the student nurse consistently observed health providers informing patients of their various treatment options, encouraging patients to take an active role in decisions about their health, and ultimately gaining informed voluntary consent prior to any procedure. As outlined in the Queensland Health Public Patients Charter (2002), and the Ramsay Health Care/Cairns Private Hospital Patient Charter (nd. ), patients have a right to easy to understand information about their condition, treatment options, risks, and expected outcomes. The health providers viewed by the student nurse exemplified exceptional adherence to the patients right to accurate information as nurses were observed directly informing patients wherever possible about their treatment options, risks, and choices available to them. Health care providers not only adhered to their legal obligation of providing treatment information to patients, but did so in a way that reflected nurses ability to use due care in support of their ethical responsibilities. According to the Ramsay Health Care/Cairns Private Hospital Patient Charter (nd. ), patients have a right to ask questions and seek clarification in regards to matters that concern them. The actions of the health care team exemplified good practice with reference to this patient right. Health care providers were willing at all times to respond to patients questions or concerns and faced each situation with enthusiasm and clear respect for patients right to ask questions and seek clarification. Patients right to take part in decisions about their health care as stated in the Queensland Public Health Charter ( 2002), was viewed by the student nurse to occur in conjunction with the aforementioned patient right to information about treatment. By providing patients with easy to understand information about their condition, it allowed patients to make informed choices regarding their treatment and overall health. Health professionals were observed to provide patients with the information they require such that patients could make their own decisions regarding their treatment options. By thoroughly providing patients with necessary information as well as encouraging patients to take an active role in decisions about their health, health providers were empowering patients and fostering patient’s autonomy. Autonomy, the freedom to decide and act (Stein-Parbury, 2005), can be enhanced when a patient is given information about their condition and encouraged to take an active role in making decisions about their health. Informing patients of various treatment options and encouraging patients to take an active role in decisions about their health are fundamental components of informed voluntary consent. Informed voluntary consent may be implied, written or verbally given. The student nurse observed various nurses obtaining implied consent from patients when performing routine procedures such as taking a blood pressure reading. The student also viewed health providers obtaining verbal consent from patients when preforming procedures such as showering and mobilizing patients. The health providers adhered to the legal requirements which state that consent must be voluntarily given and informed (Forrester Griffiths, 2005). The actions of the health care team correlate positively to the statements set forth in both the Queensland Health Public Patients Charter (2002) and the ANMC Code of Ethics for Nurses in Australia (nd. ). The charter asserts that patients have the right to give their permission before they are treated. Whether consent was implied or verbal, the student nurse observed patients giving their permission prior to any procedure. According to Value Statement 2 in the Code of Nursing Ethics (nd. ), nurses must accept the rights of individuals to make informed choices in relation to their care. By ensuring that patients right to make informed choices in relation to their care and obtaining informed voluntary consent, health providers are meeting their legal and ethical obligations surrounding patients consent. It is essential that student nurses have an understanding of their moral and legal requirements surrounding patients consent. If a health provider performs a procedure without acquiring consent, there is a possibility that their actions legally may amount to assault or battery. According to Forrester and Griffiths (2005), battery involves the unlawful touching of a person without his or her consent. In charges of battery, there is no requirement that the patient sustains any injuries as a result of health professionals unlawful touching. Health providers must therefore have an understanding of the legal ramifications surrounding consent to ensure that they provide safe nursing care based on respecting patient’s legal rights. It is for this reason that the issue of patient’s consent was included for discussion in this paper. It is becoming increasingly important for health professionals to have an understanding of their legal and ethical responsibility for the maintenance of patient privacy and obtaining informed voluntary consent prior to preforming any procedure with patients. With the emphasis on patiens rights becoming more prevalent in the health care setting, it is essential that health care workers respect patient’s rights which include, but are not limited to, maintaining patient privacy and obtaining informed voluntary consent. The health providers present at the health care facility attended by the student nurse were observed to demonstrate good practice with respect to patients’ rights as set forth in the Queensland Health Public Patients Charter (2002).

An Interpretation of My Sweet Old Etcetera by E.E. Cummings :: Cummings My Sweet Old Etcetera Essays

An Interpretation of My Sweet Old Etcetera by E.E. Cummings' "my sweet old etcetera" is part of E.E. Cummings' "is 5" collection of poetry, which was published in 1926. This poem and most of Cummings' other poetry was known for its typographic innovation. One will definitely notice that there are only two capitalized letters in the whole piece and not one period. The only punctuation mark present is the comma, creating pauses in the speech. Basically the whole poem is a big run-on sentence. "my sweet old etcetera" was written, as well as most of Cummings' other poetry, to have visual effectiveness and content as well as literary effectiveness and content. After all Cummings was a painter and an artist. He wanted people see the poetry, not just read it. In order to understand what the poem is all about, one might rewrite it and break it up into readable, complete sentences. One must also place appropriate syntax and punctuation where it needs to be. Of course, one has to remove all of the "etcetera"s in order to make a sentence that makes sense. I believe that this is a story in which E.E. Cummings is telling. It is about an experience he is having while at war and how it is effecting his family during this time. The language is not flowing because the typography, the lack of syntax and punctuation makes it confusing. The word "etcetera" was thrown in here and there, but why? This made it very difficult to understand to get the whole picture, because the word's various positions caused an interruption. The word "etcetera" means "a number of unspecified additional persons or things." or "unspecified additional items". I believe Cummings wanted to say more within the poem but thought he could get his poem across by inserting "etcetera" in various places. He also might have been trying to make a statement by telling the world, "you don't have to get a point across by using a lot of detail sometime, you don't even have to use complete sentences..or even sentences at all for that matter." my sweet old etcetera

Effective Communication Case Study

There are many factors that affect Ahmed’s ability to communicate with others, the factors are that he is partially sighted, he has a learning disability, Ahmed also struggles with English and lastly he is very withdrawn from others. To overcome these barriers many strategies will need to be put in place to enable him to communicate effectively. One factor is that he is partially sighted which means it will be difficult for him to see when talking to his teacher or other students in his class.Sentence and Verbal Communication This is a barrier to his communication because it stops him from communicating as he is limited to what he can see for example, if a child is trying to call Ahmed from a far distance using hand gestures, Ahmed may find it difficult to see that child, which can prevent him from making friends. This means his communication skills will not be effective. If someone is using non-verbal communication, he will not be able to see which means he could interpret things in a different way because non-verbal communication can be used to express your feelings. This will affect the way Ahmed will communicate because if he is limited to what he can see it will stop him from getting involved and also if he is not able to see non verbal communication clearly he may misinterpret the conversation. When getting involved in group practical work it may be difficult to participate as will not be able to see. A strategy that could be put in place is having a magnified board to put over his worksheets which will help him with seeing the words. This can be put in place so Ahmed is able to get involved with the schoolwork and could potentially help his language development as he is able to read certain words but may need a teacher with him to guide him. This magnified board can encourage him to participate in more activities and he may feel comfortable knowing he can see what the other students are seeing. Another strategy that could be put in place to overcome this barrier is having bigger font sizes on work sheets, books or computers. This will make it easier for Ahmed to see and it could make him feel normal like everyone else. It may encourage him to sit in a group with other children and get involved. Another factor that affects his ability to communicate is that he has a learning disability. This is a potential barrier that comes in the way of Ahmed’s communication as he may feel different than the other children in his class. Because Ahmed has a learning disability it changes the way he thinks and interprets things. â€Å"Children with learning disabilities see, hear and understand things differently. This can lead to difficulty with learning new information and skills and putting them to use. (http://www. sabp. nhs. uk/iamme/understanding-learning-disability Accessed 14/10/15) This can make Ahmed feel left out from the other children and discourage him to communicate. This can potentially mean his language is not as developed as some of the other children so he may be a bit behind, this affects the way he communicates because it will be difficult to have conversations with others if he is does not have the same abilities as them because they may not understand what Ahmed is trying to say and their language may be to developed for Ahmed as he is still learning slowly. A strategy that could be put in place is having a teaching assistant with him because this may make him feel comfortable and potentially more confident. The assistant can help him with words and could make picture cards for words that he may struggle with, for example having a picture of a book so he recognises that it’s a book and he can point to it so the assistant understands what he is trying to say or what he wants. The assistant could have one-to-one sessions with him to help him with communication and his schoolwork. Having a one-to-one session with an assistant can make a lot of difference in Ahmed’s ability to communicate because if he builds a relationship with this assistant he could possibly open up and express his feelings in a way that he can even if it is not through verbal communication. Ahmed struggles with English, which is also a factor that affects the way he communicates. It can isolate him from other children in the school because English is not his first language so it will make it difficult for him to fit in with children who speak fluent English. It will block the quality of communication and affect the needs of Ahmed being met adequately. For example, if a supply teacher was covering and didn’t know his needs, they will not be met because he may not be able to explain what his needs are because his English is limited. As he struggles with English, it will also be difficult for him to interact with other students because he will not know how to speak to them and if the children to try communicating in English, Ahmed may not understand so there will be miscommunication and a language barrier between them. You can read also Costco Case Study A strategy that could potentially be put in place for Ahmed to improve his English is having a translator come in to help him develop his English language. The translator could come in maybe twice a week. This would help Ahmed quite a fair bit because he can speak to the translator in the language he knows fluently and the translator can then communicate with him and help him with his English by saying words in English and then telling him what they mean in his first language. This is a good way for Ahmed to learn English because he will gradually recognise more words and could possibly start speaking sentences, which will help with his confidence, and he may start communicating with other people. Because Ahmed struggles with communication he has now become very withdrawn from people and sometimes is antisocial which is another factor that affects the way he communicates. This is because he keeps himself away from others as he may think he cannot get involved and interact because of his needs. Ahmed may think he is different to the rest of the children so may feel like he is not included with them. This affects his communication because he will have no one to talk to and it stops him from making friends and having a social life. A strategy that could be put in place for this is doing more group work in class because this will mean he has to talk to different people. Doing group activities may encourage him to have a conversation and get involved. This will be good for Ahmed’s confidence because he will be working with other people who could help him and it means that he wouldn’t be talking one-to-one because that may be intimidating for Ahmed as he probably wouldn’t know how to start the conversation. Group activities include everyone so they don’t feel left out; this will help Ahmed to socialize more and he may stop being withdrawn from others as he might make friends who will make him feel normal and included. Whilst on work experience I had to have conversations with patients and some of the patients were difficult to communicate with, this is because there were factors that affected their communication. One factor was a patient who had dementia. This affected the way they communicated with others in the care home. The word dementia describes a set of symptoms that may include memory loss and difficulties with thinking, problem-solving or language. † https://www. alzheimers. org. uk/site/scripts/documents. php? categoryID=200360 (accessed 13/12/15) dementia causes patients to forget all previous memories and they find it difficult remembering things and they have language difficulties. Every time a carer spoke to the patient either asking them a question or telling them to do something, it took them a while to remember and take in the information, it required the carer to repeat what they were saying several times. This affected their communication because it meant they couldn’t have a detailed conversation so there was lack of information being received. Patient with dementia sometimes respond slowly because it takes them a while to process everything. To overcome this barrier, the carers in the care home used pictures. This is because the pictures were repeated many times a day which meant the patients found it easier to remember. Pictures helped with the patients memory and it was easier for them to point at the picture so the carer knew what they were trying to say. Lastly, another factor that affected patient’s communication in the care home was a patient who was partially deaf. This was a barrier that affected the communication between the carer and the patient. When the carer was trying to have a conversation with the patient, it was very difficult for the patient to hear because there was also a lot of background noise which made it worse. Sometimes what the patient heard was different to what the carer was saying so the conversation was not effective because the point was not getting across. To overcome this barrier, the carers were using sign language because sign language was more effective as the patient understood it better and it also didn’t require hearing. Sign language was known by the majority of the staff members so they could communicate with different patients who had hearing difficulties. Another stragey that was put in place for some of the patients were hearing aids. These were only used for people who were struggling a lot to hear. Hearing aids help with hearing and it means words become louder in the patients ear and they could hear everything. This made the patients feel confident within themselves. The patients found it easier to follow conversations so communication between the patient and carer was more effective. Overall, it is important that these factors can be overcome in order for service users to have effective communication with others. There are many strategies that could be put in place and these should all be considered when getting service users to communicate.

Capitalism vs Democracy

The political system and the economic system of the United States have been intertwined since the very founding of our country. Although there are many different views on how well the systems work or how they function, this has been a common thought shared by all different sides. Some have an optimistic view of capitalism, while others feel as though capitalism favors too few people. Two major points of view, the conservative and the â€Å"reform† liberal, describe how capitalism works, and the role for the government in managing the marketplace, in two similar, yet very different ways. First, we look at the thoughts of Milton Friedman, of the conservative point of view. According to Friedman, capitalism is a free market system that is driven from the bottom up, starting with individuals who make voluntary choices to purchase goods and services and hold jobs. Having a free marketplace gives every individual the power to create their own economic destiny, from what food they eat, to what car they drive, to what career they choose. Friedman also describes capitalism as â€Å"self-correcting†, that if left alone, the market place will inevitably fix any problems it creates. According to Friedman, capitalism follows a cycle, consisting of ups and downs in the economy that will eventually work themselves out over time. It begins with a future expectation of profit, and people with money to invest. As more people begin to invest their money, the demand for labor and materials increases, leading to economic expansion and more people spending money. As demand continues to increase, supply begins to decrease, causing inflation and increasing product prices. At this stage, future expectations of profit are bad. As prices rise, people can’t afford to buy things, so they start to pull their money out of the market and investments. With fewer investments comes less demand, causing people to lose their jobs, prices to drop, and consumers to buy fewer goods. This ultimately leads to a recession, where demand for products is very low and often the unemployment rate is high. Then the cycle starts over again, cost conditions are recreated and people begin to invest money again, and the cycle continues. Another benefit of capitalism is that it allows for healthy economic competition, which not only gives individuals a larger variety of products, but also enables the marketplace to regulate its own prices. This also causes power to be widespread, and keeps people satisfied by being able to purchase what they like. For example, a consumer voluntarily goes to a grocery store. As they walk down the beverage aisle, they see a large selection of drinks to choose from, this is because of competition. Since there are various products to choose from, every consumer can decide to buy what type of beverage they like, making the consumers happy. Friedman also argues that capitalism is rational and efficient. The marketplace constantly finds a way to do more with less, and with every economic decision made, the costs and benefits are weighed first. In a capitalist economy, no one is going to do business unless they gain more than they lose. For example, if a person wants to start a business baking cakes, they would first determine how much money they need to invest to be able to make the cake, and compare it to how much they could sell each cake for. If it costs more to make the cake than they would be able to sell it for, then of course the person isn’t going to do it. The whole point of investing and even purchasing with capitalism is to make a profit, or somehow gain from the exchange. Nobody enters into a business contract knowing they are going to lose money. This is why Friedman claims that one’s standard of living should be based on what they can afford. Even basic necessities of life, such as food and shelter, are not rights of an individual, but a result of the economic decisions they make. Someone who works hard and has a better job can afford a nice house over an apartment, or to eat lobster instead of chicken. With capitalism, everyone has the right to pursue the things they want or need, but they do not have the right to just have them. This ensures that everyone has the freedom of choice in the marketplace, and the liberty to make a successful life for themselves, for Friedman believes conducting the economy in a voluntary manner is better for the social fabric of society. Milton Friedman believes there is a role for the government in economic affairs, but that role is very limited. The government’s purpose is to protect the rights and liberties of its citizens, and to be free politically, we must be free economically. He claims that the only time the government should step in is when â€Å"market failure† occurs, or when the market can’t or we don’t want it to do something. The federal government should only involve itself in economic affairs to enforce the rules set by and agreed upon by the people, mediate differences among citizens on the meaning of the rules, and allow a way for the rules to be modified if necessary. For example, printing currency should be a federal government function, to allow a fair and uniform payment method throughout the country. The government should also be in charge of regulating monopolies, where the freedom to make choices is compromised by the fact that there is no competition. Another instance would be in situations where there is a â€Å"neighborhood effect†, or when a third party is affected by a decision that they were not a part of, such as pollution. If a farmer were to dump waste into a stream and pollute it, that would violate the rights of other people who use the stream to have clean water. It would also be the function of the government to regulate â€Å"public goods†, or something where it is difficult or impossible to determine the particular user or the amount used. For example, a lighthouse is a public good, because it is almost impossible to identify who uses the light to guide them or how often they use it. Friedman ultimately believes that the government should stay out of economic affairs as much as possible, for every time the government acts the freedom of the people shrinks, and all government interventions have more costs then they do benefits. When the government regulates the way a business operates, for example, requiring steel plants to put filters on their smoke stacks, it increases the cost of doing business, which increases prices and decreases sales, production, jobs and wages. Capitalism, according to Friedman, has a way of efficiently working things out on its own, and needs very little government intervention. Many programs we have today, such as social security, Medicare, and welfare to name a few, Friedman would do away with, as they are the responsibility of the individual, not the government. The marketplace is even more proportional to public demand than the political system is, and will constantly cycle through different phases and work itself out without the need of government regulation. Milton Friedman looks at capitalism as a free and voluntary system that should be driven by the consumer not the federal government. Another approach to the way capitalism works is that of the â€Å"reform† liberal, which has a few similarities to the conservative point of view, such as the belief that capitalism and democracy are interlocked, that aving capital or money to invest drives the market, that the government must intervene when the market â€Å"fails†, and on the general definition of property. The liberals also believe in the business cycle, with only one major difference. According to Kane and the liberals, the business cycle is not continuous and self-correcting, but gets stuck at the tail end of a recession. With so many people out of work, they begin to s uffer and make drastic decisions. People don’t have time to just wait for the market to fix itself, it could take years and if they did, too much damage would have already been done. The liberals believe that people have the right to basic needs, such as food and shelter, in which the marketplace will not provide. This is where the government must intervene, to ensure that all people have the resources they need to survive, and to correct the marketplace and pull the economy out of the recession. According to the liberals, the market is a prison, and it is not driven from the bottom up, but rather from the top down. They believe when it comes to purchasing power, there is no comparison. Corporations have a much greater influence and power in the economy than the individual, which leads to a privileged position of business. The decisions we make to purchase things are not voluntary or mutually beneficial, because the corporations and business owners set the prices, and for things like housing, we as consumers don’t have the option to just not buy it. We are forced to pay for the things we need, and the prices are set by the business owners, in which the product may not even be worth. Another problem they see with capitalism is that there is a â€Å"permanent shortfall in aggregate demand†, or that there are too many people with too little money to spend. With not enough money, the average individual doesn’t have the ability to make purchase, which leads to under consumption, and ultimately to a decline in the economy. With all of the power being held by the few in major corporations, this constantly widens the gap between the rich and the poor. In theory, capitalism gives all people equality in the marketplace, but in actuality, the liberals argue that this is not the case. Since the rich and elite own the majority of things to own, their interests are honored first, making the interests of the common people unequal to that of the business leaders, and sometimes not served at all. Also, we face resource constraint, so all the people who have money continue to get more money than others. This separation will just continue to grow until the government intervenes, creating more problems and making it harder for the economy as a whole to pull out of hard times. The liberals also argue that the way capitalism is designed, people only invest or produce things to make a profit, furthering their own interests, instead of doing it because people need it. If you can’t pay for your food, you go hungry, no one is going to simply give it to you because you are starving. With this, capitalism is a trap for those who can’t afford to survive, and the liberals believe that it is one’s right to have their basic needs met. Their overall view of capitalism is a negative one, feeling that capitalism alone cannot provide adequately for the majority of the citizens of America. The liberals feel that the government should and needs to have a strong role in the economy in order for capitalism to serve the people. Programs such as Medicare, welfare, and government regulations are necessary to give people equality in our economic system. The government needs to be responsible for regulating monopolies, to ensure that prices can remain fair and citizens have options in the products they buy. Also, minimum wages, working conditions and hours worked should be regulated to give people the opportunity to make a decent living, and not be taken advantage of by corporations and employers. The rights and definition of property need to be established politically to be fair across the board. To the liberals, the more government involvement there is in the economy, the more freedom the individual has to make good money and have a decent standard of living. Political power and economic power are not two separate entities, and leaving more power in the marketplace imprisons democracy. More economic power and more capital translate directly into more political power. Major corporations and companies have much influence over what interests are met in the government, for example, anything that jeopardizes business confidence in society has immediate and harsh consequences politically, but something that violates and individual’s wealth may not be addressed at all. Money talks in America, and this contributes more to a corporations own needs, giving less and less attention to what is best for the average citizens. Liberals like Lindblom, state that the market will not provide on its own, and things like food, clothing, shelter, education, health care, and transportation need to be taken care of by the government, rather than being left up to the marketplace. The government needs to be responsible for more than just market failure, currency, and public goods. It needs to protect the citizens of our country from the detrimental effects of capitalism, provide regulations, a way to keep the market prosperous, and keep us from getting stuck in a recession. Democracy needs to be more powerful than the economic system, and make sure that everyone’s rights, as a corporation or an individual, are protected and that all of their interests are served with equal importance. Both the â€Å"reform† liberal and conservative points of view agree on some of the basic components of capitalism, but their opinion of the government’s role and how well capitalism works on its own couldn’t be more different. Today, we favor the liberal view in actuality, with many government programs and regulations in place. However, it remains a controversial issue in politics today, as there is much debate on whether or not we should return to the original form of federalism and eliminate much of the current government intervention. Regardless, one thing all parties can agree on is that the economic and political systems of the United States are and forever will be interlocked with one another.